Stem galls of cecidomyiid flies were regularly found in some populations over the course of this study, but they were never common, and single ramets rarely contained more than one or two galls. These galls consist of small swellings on the main stem, lateral stems, or on racemes between fruits. Only 4 of the 960 plants in the transplant experiment were galled. All of the individuals I have reared from these galls were Lasioptera solani, though a species of Neolasioptera is reported to be more common in horsenettle (Gagné 1989). Rearing of these gall midges proved difficult because the vast majority of galls were parasitized by proctotrupoid wasps. The small size of the galls and low densities of these gall midges suggest that they are likely to have relatively little impact on horsenettle.

- Michael Wise: (2007) The herbivores of Solanum carolinense (Horsenettle) in northern Virginia: natural history and damage assessment^©